How bad is breathing in wildfire smoke? Graphics show how toxic air affects your health
Dense smoke from Canadian wildfires is drifting across the U.S., canceling flights and sporting events, and threatening severe health problems for millions of Americans. Chicago's air quality now ranks worst in the world as smoke from Canada wildfires hits Midwest.
Air quality alerts could continue around the U.S. for days or even weeks as wildfires across the border continue to burn.
Smoke from wildfires is different from other sources. That's because of the unhealthy matter it contains, how it can travel long distances and persist in the air, changing over time and getting more toxic.
Wildfire smoke contains noxious or poisonous gases and particulate matter, tiny particles that can be inhaled. Those particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and affect people with respiratory problems.
Where the air quality is worst in the US
How can wildfire smoke hurt you?
Smoke can cause a series of health problems, from minor irritations to serious concerns.
Depending on what's burning – grasslands, trees, vegetation, or buildings – wildfire smoke can contain toxic chemical substances including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acid gases, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, toluene, styrene, metals and dioxins, says the New York State Department of Health.
Smoke can become more toxic the longer it lingers in the air. It can combine with trace radicals, or molecules with unpaired electrons, in a process known as oxidation. That process converts the particles into something known as free radicals, which can damage cells and tissues.
Smoke can also hamper what's called the macrophage function, the ability of lungs to protect themselves. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that aids the immune system.
How small are wildfire smoke particles?
Fine particles from wildfire smoke are of great health concern, the Environmental Protection Agency says. Particles can be much smaller than the width of a human hair.
Particles are dangerous because they can be inhaled and travel deep into the lungs. They can cause respiratory irritation and shortness of breath. They can also make conditions worse for those with asthma and heart disease.
Who is most likely to be affected by wildfire smoke?
Wildfire smoke presents special health risks for:
How can you protect yourself from smoke particles?
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SOURCE USA TODAY Network reporting and research; Associated Press; Environmental Protection Agency; California Air Resources Board; European Commission; New York State Department of Health